The state system and it weakness:
-The state system have several key principles such as territorial sovereignty, the rights of state to choose religion, the determine own domestic policies, and prohibition of interference from supranational authorities.
-Sovereignty was the core concept of state system.
-According to Bodin: Sovereignty may be limited by divine law /natural law , by the type of regime, and eve by promise of people.
-The basic organizing principle of sovereignty have become challenged by creation of new institutional forms that better meet specific national needs.
-The state was vulnerable to demands from:
+Below: decentralizing tendencies include domestic constituencies and non state actors.
+Above: Globalization processes and international organization.
Therefore, they challenge with a variety of new actors and processes that confound and constrain them. Limiting authority and challenging the whole notion of state sovereignty.
-the weakness of state system became increase after middle of 19th century with the increasing of international trade, immigration, democratization, technological innovation, and other development.
Governance Innovations in the 19th century:
The major innovations of governance that emerged in 19th century are concert of Europe, Public international Unions and Hague Conference.
The Concert of Europe:
-Concert of Europe established in 1815.
-Concert of Europe is a kind of informal intergovernmentalism.
-states agreed to coordinate behavior based on certain rights and responsibilities with expectations of diffuse reciprocity.
-They still operated as separate states and societies, but within a frame work of rules and consultation without creating a formal organization.
-Concert system involved the practice of multilateral meeting rather that bilateral diplomacy among the leader of the major European powers for the purpose of settling problems and coordinating actions.
-The European powers divided up the previously uncolonized parts of Africa, extending the reach of European imperialism.
-Concert of Europe include multilateral consultation, collective diplomacy, and special status for great “power”.
-Claude summarized that Concert of Europe was a rudimentary, but growing sense of interdependence and community of interest among the state of Europe.
Public International Unions:
-Agencies were initially established among European states to deal with problems stemming from the industrial revolution, expanding commerce, communications, and technological innovation.
-the functional problems involved such concern as health standards for travelers, shipping rules on the Rhine River, Increased mail volume, and the cross-boundary usage of the newly invented telegraph.
-Many of these practical problems of expanding international relations among states proved amenable to resolution with intergovernmental cooperation.
-The PIU raise many procedural innovations:
+International secretariats composed of permanent bureaucrats hired from a variety of countries, were formed.
+ the practice of involving specialists from outside ministries of foreign affair as well as private interest group in their work.
+develop techniques for multilateral conventions, lawmaking or rulemaking treaties.
The Hague System:
-Hague involved both European and non-European state to think proactively about what techniques states should have available to prevent war and under what conditions arbitration, negotiation, and legal recourse would be appropriate.
-The Hague conferences led to the convention for the Pacific Settlement of International disputes, ad Hoc international commissions of inquiry, and the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
-Hague conferences also produced several major procedural innovations:
+this was the first time that participants included small and non-European states
+The Latin American states, China, and Japan were each accorded an equal voice, so they established the twin principles of universality and legal equality of states.
The Legacy of The 19th century:
-Governments established new approaches dealing with problems of joint concern, such as the multilateral diplomacy of the concert system, the cooperative institutions of the public international unions and the broader legalistic institution of the Hague system.
Mutilateralism in 20th century:
The League of Nations----learning from failure:
League Principles:
-there are two principles were paramount:
1-member states agreed to respect and preserve the territorial integrity and political independence of states.
-the league was given the power under the article 16 to enforce settlement through sanctions.
2-embedded in the proposition of collective security, that is, aggression by one state should be countered by all acting together as a League of Nation.
League organs:
There are there organs: the council, Assembly, and Secretariat, Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), the International Labor Organization (ILO).
The Council:
-The council was to settle disputes, enforce sanctions, supervise mandates, formulate disarmament plans, approve secretariat appointments, and implement peaceful settlements.
-state can submit the case to council, arbitration, or adjudication if they could not reach the agreement.
-states agreed to territorial integrity and political independence of other states to register all treaties with the league secretariat.
-the council can unapplied diplomacy and impose economic sanction to the states that resorted to war.
The League’s assembly:
-authorized to admit new members, approve the budget, elect the nonpermanent member to the council and act on matter refered by the council.
-establishing the number of precedent such as requiring the secretary general to submit an annual report on the activities of the organizations.
The secretariat:
-The secretariat provided coordination for some 20 organizations that were affiliated with the league to some degree including Health Organization, the Mandate Commission, the ILO, and PCIJ.
The success and failure of League: League of Nation had a number of successes less than the failure. Actually, League of Nation got successful only on territorial disputes settlement such as, demarcating the German-Polish border. The territorial disputes between Lithuanian and Poland, Finland and Russia, and Bugaria and Grece were successfully settled. Moreover, League prevented the territorial integrity of Albanian against invasion of Italy, Greece and Yugoslavia.
At that time, Great Britain, France, South Africa, Belgium, and Japan were on behalf of the league. Indeed, the league was fail because of misconduct of superpower. In 1931, when Japnan invaded Manchuria, the council refused to make decision and the unwillingness of super power such as, Great Britain or France use military action or economic sanction. In other words, a proposal that send to a commission was failed when Japan vetoed. In 1935, Italian invaded Ethiopia, but France and Great Britain ignore, and the small states lack support to the Ethiopia. Then league’s assembly put the economic sanction and stops arms sales. However, in 1936, those sanction were abandoned League failed intervention Spanish civil war as well as the remilitarization of Hitler, and League also could not respond to economic depression, and the rise of extreme nationalism. Consequently, League was dissolved in 1946.
